martes, 27 de noviembre de 2007

II Guerra Mundial


Fue un conflicto bélico que, habiendo comenzado en Europa, se transformó en una “guerra total”. A diferencia de la Primera Guerra Mundial, este conflicto no comprometió solamente a las fuerzas militares, sino que involucró a las poblaciones civiles, lo que unido a la mayor capacidad de destrucción de las armas provocó que las pérdidas humanas y materiales fueran mucho mayores.

Los primeros antecedentes son los enfrentamientos ideológicos, desde 1930, la crisis económica del capitalismo tomó el enfrentamiento ideológico entre el liberalismo democrático, el fascismo y el comunismo soviético.

Ello, pese a que en el terreno económico, las tres ideologías habían coincidido en la década de 1930, en otorgar mayor poder al Estado.También el factor del expansionismo alemán en Europa –durante la década del 1930, la Alemania nazi desarrolló una política exterior agresiva destinada a conquistar su “territorio vital”. En 1933, Alemania se retiró de la Sociedad de las Naciones y desarrolló una política armamentista. En 1938 bajo el amparo del Pacto de Munich –en el que participaron potencias occidentales, Hitler anexionó a Alemania el territorio de Los Sudestes –Checoslovaquia.

La causa inmediata de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue la invasión de Alemania a Polonia. En septiembre de 1939, el gobierno polaco se rindió y el país fue dividido entre alemanes y rusos.

En lo que respecta a la fase de Europa se constituyó la alianza militar entre Alemania, Italia y Japón, conocida como el Eje Berlín-Roma-Tokio.También, es el nacimiento de la resistencia civil e contra de los nazis en aquellos territorios conquistados por los alemanes.Esta fase culminó con la invasión de Alemania a la Unión Soviética, la que se concretó en la Operación Barbarroja –diciembre de 1941.

En la fase mundial se caracterizó por el ingreso de Estados Unidos y Japón y por el declive del poder del Eje ante la contraofensiva de los aliados.Estados Unidos ingresó a la guerra producto del bombardeo japonés a su base naval de Peral Harbour –Hawai, diciembre de 1941.También esta entrada coincidió con el establecimiento de la Alianza en contra de las potencias del Eje, formada por las 27 naciones, entre las que se contaban Estados Unidos, la Unión Soviética y Gran Bretaña.

A partir de 1944 comenzó el declive militar de las potencias del Eje. en junio de 1944 Italia se rindió ante las fuerzas angloamericanas que habían invadido su territorio en 1943. En abril de 1945, lo hicieron los alemanes antes los rusos, después del bombardeo ruso a Berlín y el suicidio de Hitler. En septiembre, se rindieron los japoneses, tras el lanzamiento en agosto de las bombas atómicas de Hiroshima y Nagasaki.

Las principales consecuencias de esta guerra fueron las pérdidas humanas, se calcula que fue aproximadamente 55 millones de muertos, sin contar a los más de 5 millones de judíos asesinados en el llamado Holocausto Judío ocasionado por los nazis. De esta cifra, el país que tuvo mayores pérdidas fue la Unión Soviética con 55 millones; después, Alemania con 8 millones; y más atrás, Polonia con 6 millones. En contraste, Inglaterra sufrió, comparativamente, pocas pérdidas –unos 300 mil, y Estados Unidos perdió 405 mil vidas, en su gran mayoría soldados.Se debe sumar en la lista los 35 millones de heridos y 3 millones de desaparecidos.

También se agrega las pérdidas materiales y financieras por que no sólo dañó la infraestructura militar, sino también la civil. Ciudades enteras fueron arrasadas por los nazis, como Stalingrado. Nüremberg –la capital del nazismo y Varsovia fueron aniquiladas por el bombardeo estadounidense y ruso, respectivamente. Hiroshima y Nagasaki fueron completamente aniquiladas por las bombas atómicas.

Los efectos sicológicos y morales, la tortura por la GESTAPO alemana, las guerras civiles entre el colaboracionismo con el nazismo y la resistencia, el pillaje delictual para combatir al racionamiento y las hambrunas, el descubrimiento –por los rusos, de los campos de exterminio en Polonia –que eran fábricas de muerte. Dejaron una honda huella en toda la gestación de la población europea y asiática, que sufrió los efectos directos de la guerra.

También se agrega como consecuencia de esta guerra las modificaciones territoriales y la creación de organismos superracionales (ONU). Fueron 51 países firmantes, obviamente fueron excluidos países del Eje y la Unión Soviética. Esta organización se le otorgó tener poderes para intervenir pacíficamente en los conflictos internacionales.

Como concusión, el Hombre tuvo su auge para crecer, tener nuevos avances, poder mejorar su técnica en cuanto a la práctica; se fue gestando con el tiempo un Hombre que quizás hace tres o dos siglos no se pensaba que iba a llegar lo que conocemos hoy.El Hombre tiene un poder enorme, y ese es la mente en cuanto a su forma de racionamiento, pero también es “iluso”, “soñador” y hasta “utópico” para sus cosas. Se dejó llevar durantes años y qué es lo que va quedando, vergüenza a lo que vivió en dos guerras y una guerra fría donde muchas vidas inocentes dieron su vida por algo.Quizás nuestro hoy sea no cometer esos mismos errores, por algo se dice que la historia se debe entender, el punto es que el Hombre siempre vuelve a tropezar con la misma piedra, pero… ¿a qué tamaño puede llegar esta?...
*Les dejo un video con imagenes de la II Guerra Mundial y la Bomba nuclear de Hiroshima y Nagasaki. A veces una imagen vale más que mil palabras.



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